The ERG has identified four priority themes that impact immunization equity.

In remote areas, geographical barriers and limited infrastructure pose significant challenges to vaccine delivery. High costs and difficulty retaining health workers further complicate efforts to reach these children.

Rapid urbanization and the growth of informal settlements make it challenging to locate and track children in need of vaccines. The diverse, mobile populations in urban areas require innovative approaches to ensure no child is left behind.

Security risks, disrupted health systems, and mobile populations severely impede immunization efforts in areas affected by conflict. Ensuring the safety of health workers while maintaining vaccine delivery in these volatile environments is a critical challenge.

Gender inequalities significantly impact access to immunization services. Social norms, limited decision-making power, and other barriers contribute to immunization gaps for children. Health workers, many of whom are female, can also face gender-related barriers in their work.